Change Management Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Change Management The world in which business operates is changing at a rapid pace. Developments in technology, communications and competition have forced businesses to update their work practices and become globally competitive. Pressures for change in business can arise internally, that is from staff or management observing current processes, or from external pressures like changes to government policies. There are several pressures currently affecting large organizations in Australia, they are changing markets, technological innovation, Total Quality Management, changes to the nature of industrial relations (where wages and working conditions can be negotiated with staff), flatter organisational structures, HR perspective and environmental issues. These pressures for change must be recognised by management and to effectively manage change, an organization's leaders must enact a change management process. Effective change management is a three-step process. Psychologist Kurt Lewin identified the first step as ‘Unfreezing the present situation’. The term unfreezing refers to the way in which management must prepare for the change and overcome any resistance that they may face. Resistance to change is human nature, as people are generally reluctant to move from a current, comfortable situation, but this resistance can be overcome using a variety of methods. These methods include communication, participation, support, negotiation, manipulation and threats, ranging from the least severe (communication), to the most severe (threats). The most effective strategy to unfreezing the present situation is to minimise resistance, through the use of open communication channels and participation with employees, without resorting to severe actions. Once resistance has been overcome and the organization is ready for the change, the next step is ‘Moving to the new state’. This step is the actual implementation of the change itself. New policies are communicated and procedures are re-evaluated. Once the change is implemented, management must work to ‘Refreeze in the new situation’. This final step is of upmost importance because it will ensure that staff does not drift off into old habits and revert to the old procedures. Management must work to offer support to staff and monitor the new situation and ensure that the process of change was an effective one. The issu... ...ries to determine whether international campaigns have been effective. Globalisation can have both positive and negative effects on the internal environment of business. External changes can include increased sales, productivity, market share and profit, but internal changes can have a much greater effect on the day-to-day running of the business and an unprepared manager is vulnerable to the negative effects of globalisation. A frequent area of change in the internal environment is the management (corporate) structure. A company expanding overseas requires more staff, and as such, more managers. It is a common occurrence for organizations to adopt a functional or divisional model with a very large horizontal structure. Divisions may be divided geographically, as departments in each country or continent. The management style is generally changed when an organization begins to deal with foreign customers. In an effort to appear polite, managers must be aware of local cultures and traditions when working with foreign employees. It may be necessary to use a different style when dealing with employees from other countries where the participative/consultative style is not appropriate.

Dakota Office Products

Dakota Office Products Study Case Why was Dakota’s existing pricing system inadequate for its current operating environment? – profits only when clients placed large orders for cartons – real drop of profit if many clients place small orders – wrong cost determination for individual customers wrong cost determination for new services provided by DOP (to small charges for the â€Å"desktop† delivery, then the actual cost of it) 2. Develop an activity-base cost system for Dakota Office Products based on Year 200 data. Calculate the activity cost-driver rate for each DOP activity in 2000. Activity cost-driver rates: Activity One: process cartons in and out of the facility Rate=(90% of Warehouse Personnel Expense + Cost o Items Purchased)/cartons processed Rate=(90%*2,400,000+35,000,000)/80,000=464. 5 $/per carton Activity Two: the new desktop delivery service Rate=(10% of Warehouse Personnel Expense + Delivery Truck Expenses)/desktop deliveries Rate=(10%2,400,000+200,000)/2000=220 $/per carton Activity Three: order handling Rate=( Warehouse Expenses + Freight)/ number of orders Rate=(2,000,000+450,000)/(16,000+8,000)=102. 08 $/per order Activity Four: data entry Rate=Order entry expenses/Order lines Rate=800,000/150,000=5. 3 orders/per line 3. Using your answer to question 2, calculate the profitability of Customer A and Customer B. Activity One: process cartons in and out of the facility –> Number of cartons ordered Activity Two: the new desktop delivery service –> Number of desktop deliveries Activity Three: order handling –> Number of orders (manual + EDI) Activity Four: data entry –> Number of line items Manufacturing Overhead cost-driver rates Customer A Customer B Customer A†¦ Dakota Office Products Dakota Office Products Study Case Why was Dakota’s existing pricing system inadequate for its current operating environment? – profits only when clients placed large orders for cartons – real drop of profit if many clients place small orders – wrong cost determination for individual customers wrong cost determination for new services provided by DOP (to small charges for the â€Å"desktop† delivery, then the actual cost of it) 2. Develop an activity-base cost system for Dakota Office Products based on Year 200 data. Calculate the activity cost-driver rate for each DOP activity in 2000. Activity cost-driver rates: Activity One: process cartons in and out of the facility Rate=(90% of Warehouse Personnel Expense + Cost o Items Purchased)/cartons processed Rate=(90%*2,400,000+35,000,000)/80,000=464. 5 $/per carton Activity Two: the new desktop delivery service Rate=(10% of Warehouse Personnel Expense + Delivery Truck Expenses)/desktop deliveries Rate=(10%2,400,000+200,000)/2000=220 $/per carton Activity Three: order handling Rate=( Warehouse Expenses + Freight)/ number of orders Rate=(2,000,000+450,000)/(16,000+8,000)=102. 08 $/per order Activity Four: data entry Rate=Order entry expenses/Order lines Rate=800,000/150,000=5. 3 orders/per line 3. Using your answer to question 2, calculate the profitability of Customer A and Customer B. Activity One: process cartons in and out of the facility –> Number of cartons ordered Activity Two: the new desktop delivery service –> Number of desktop deliveries Activity Three: order handling –> Number of orders (manual + EDI) Activity Four: data entry –> Number of line items Manufacturing Overhead cost-driver rates Customer A Customer B Customer A†¦

How do Psychosocial Factors Influence Cardiac Health Essay

How do psychosocial factors influence cardiac health? Cardiac related health problems are one of the leading causes of death in industrialized areas throughout the Western world.1 Psychosocial factors such as stress and anxiety are often disregarded but have a major role to play in the development of cardiac disease. These factors are mostly manageable, allowing the risk of cardiac disease to decrease. This paper aims to discuss the influence of these psychosocial risk factors on cardiac health using the findings of epidemiological studies and the pathophysiology. The management of these risk factors will also be discussed. This will aid an understanding of the psychosocial factors that may have influenced Mr. Petersen’s health and his†¦show more content†¦Anxiety is a universal response to a threat but at times that response can be out of proportion to the threat, this is an example of abnormal anxiety and is closely associated with anxiety disorders. Symptoms of anxiety disorders often relate to the heart such as: pal pitations, pounding heart, accelerated heart rate and, chest pain or discomfort.2 According to Janeway1, â€Å"stress is a physical or psychological stimulus which, when impinging upon an individual , produces strain or disequilibrium†.1 Stress is a biological, physiological and behavioural response to environmental demands. An appropriate amount of stress has protective and adaptive functions however a high amount of stress can cause pathological changes or even death.4 Exposure to stress can lead to painful emotions such as anxiety or depression, as well as physical illness.3 People under an overwhelming amount of stress may experience tachycardia, palpitations and rapid breathing.7 Pathophysiology of anxiety and stress in cardiac disease When placed in situations that cause stress or anxiety, the body initiates sympathetic activity. This is accomplished by the adrenaline response, otherwise known as â€Å"fight or flight†. This response is protective and occurs very quickly, it gives rise to an increase in metabolic activity, heart rate, breathing rate and blood pressure. In situations of chronic stress and emotional disturbances,Show MoreRelatedCongenital Heart Disease ( Chd )3504 Words   |  15 Pagesover the past two decades (U.S. Department of Health Human Services, 2017), and the decrease in the death rates from CHD, with this population now living into adulthood (Pillutla, Shetty, Foster, 2008). Costs related to the care of children with CHD are greater than $5.6 billion dollars a year, with an average hospitalization costing more than $25,000 (Simeone et al., 2014). Children with CHD have been noted to have increased rates of mental health comorbidities, which include depression and anxietyRead MoreA Patient Journey ( Mr Jones ) With Coronary Heart Disease2750 Words   |  11 Pagesmaintain or improve Mr Jones health status. This journey was chosen as the author expresses interest in this chosen area as it has significantly impacted on not only Mr Jones life but in the wider society too. Firstly, it will examine percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and how this would benefit him and the potential risks involved, following the nurses’ role with providing after care of this procedure. Secondly, cardiac rehabilitation will be analysed and how it plays a crucial part for aRead MoreExplanation Of Coronary Heart Disease1584 Words   |  7 Pages47% of cardiac deaths are sudden and happen within 2 minutes (Cdc.gov, 2015). Psychosocial factors in CHD. Whether they are that important? The majority of studies on CHD are focused on biological factors and life style, ignoring psychosocial factors. However, psychosomatic factors play a significant role in the ‘etiology, development, duration and outcome’ of coronary heart disease. Moreover, the cortisol awakening response has been found to be associated with a wide range of such factors as stressRead MoreGender Differences For Health And Quality Of Life Outcome1863 Words   |  8 PagesAlberta Nursing 503 October 21, 2014 Introduction The increased acknowledgement of gender differences for health and quality of life outcome indicates a necessity for more gender sensitivity and specificity in research undertakings among patients with a myocardial infarction (MI). Heart disease research has historically been focused on middle aged men. The prevalence for cardiac disease in women have been ubiquitous, it was not until the 2000’s, a shift occurred where elderly women were beingRead MoreEssay on Stress and Cardiovascular Disease1245 Words   |  5 Pagesapparent that we are now dealing with a different phenomenon that may be just as harmful to our health. The impact of psychological, social and environmental factors from our daily lives is having a drastic impression on the mental and physical wellbeing of our society. It has been shown in various studies that psychological and neurological factors influence the immune system and can have an effect on our health (Breedlove, Rosenzweig Watson, 2010). As we a llow various stressors, poisonous substancesRead MorePhysical Examination And Health Assessment Course1608 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom this experience, and analysis of important learning opportunities. Description As part of the Physical Examination and Health Assessment course, I participated in the laboratory simulation on week 7, learning heart and peripheral vascular system’s assessment. I was presented with a clinical scenario of a 56 years old truck driver coming for routine screening at the health clinic at mall. His medical diagnoses were obesity, hypertension, smoking, borderline high cholesterol, and unhealthy dietRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress And Heart Disease Essay1567 Words   |  7 Pagesand hostility has a positive relationship with coronary heart disease and was greater in men compared to women. Their findings also showed that individuals who had cardiac arrest and were resuscitated, twenty five percent admitted to feeling extremely stressed with work and family instances just twenty four hours before they had cardiac arrest. Daily activities that provoked moderate, acute stress demonstrated lower levels of blood supply to the hearts muscle. Deanfield et al. (1984) Stress and HeartRead MoreChallenges Of Children With Hiv2994 Words   |  12 Pagesindividuals that have this illness, but the psychosocial aspects of this disease also creates serious issues for these individuals. The population of American children and adolescents living with HIV face a range of psychosocial challenges which stem from a combination of biological, socioeconomical, psychological, and cultural factors. For younger children, some challenges are related to the parent’s status as HIV-positive, along with other parental factors that can also contribute to chronic problemsRead MoreCardiac Artery Disease And Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty2094 Words   |  9 Pages Cardiac artery disease and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty with stent placement Suzanne A. Newhall DeSales University Abstract Do not indent this section. Cardiac artery disease and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty with stent placement This paper will start with introductory material. Indent paragraphs in the body of the paper. Review of the patient’s chief complaint, and pertinent medical/surgical history The patient was a 57-year-old married manRead MoreKidney Disease Can Affect Children In Various Ways, Ranging1689 Words   |  7 Pagesis grouped into pre-renal, intrinsic (glomerular, interstitial, vascular and tubular injury) and post-renal causes (McGregor et al., 2016). Prerenal damage is due to a decrease in effective circulating volume, loss of vascular tone, or decreased cardiac output or blood delivery to the kidneys (London et al., 2017). Hypovolemia secondary to dehydration is generally the cause. Primary kidney damage (intrinsic) may result from infection, diseases such as hemolytic-uremic syndrome, acute glomerulonephritis